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\par Practical Nurse Program
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\par }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6624761 Introduction to Nutriton \endash  Unit }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15609058 I}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid6624761 I, }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15609058 Digestion Overview}{
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Before we begin discussing the metabolism of the 3 macronutrients, let's take a few minutes to review what you learned about the Digestive System in Anatomy and Physiology.}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15609058 
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People usually think of the stomach when they talk about digestion.  What happens inside the stomach?
\par [Click to Play Movie]
\par While the stomach is certainly important, the stomach isn\rquote t the only organ that plays a role in digestion.
\par 
\par The major organs of the digestive system are the stomach, the small intestine, the liver, the gall bladder, and the pancreas.
  The liver produces bile.  Bile is important in the digestion of fats.  Bile is stored in the gall bladder and released into the small intestine when needed.  The pancreas produces digestive pancreatic juices and enzymes that it also releases into the sm
all intestine when needed.  All absorption takes place in the small intestine and beyond, mostly in the jejunum portion of the small intestine.  No absorption takes place in the stomach.
\par 
\par Digestion is the breakdown of larger molecules to smaller molecules.  Only the smallest molecules can be metabolized by the body at the cellular level.
\par 
\par Digestion is both mechanical and chemical.  Mechanic digestion is the physical breaking down of larger food particles to smaller food particles.
\par 
\par Enzymes are needed for chemical digestion at the molecular level.  Not all enzymes are digestive enzymes, but it is the digestive we\rquote ll be discussing in this section.
\par 
\par Here is a quick movie illustrating mechanical and chemical digestion.  Don\rquote t try to take notes.  Any important information will be repeated.
\par 
\par Did you notice how different enzymes were very specific to each nutrient.  An enzyme that breaks down lipids will have no effect on proteins.  Carbohydrate enzymes can only break down carbo
hydrates.  Some carbohydrate enzymes are even further specialized as to which carbohydrates they\rquote ll affect.
\par 
\par After the foods are digested, the nutrient molecules can be absorbed into the blood stream.  This absorption doesn\rquote t take place in the stomach, but
 in the small intestine, particularly the jejunum, where the molecules enter the blood stream through the rich capillary system in the intestinal villi.  Let\rquote s watch what happens in the small intestine and take a closer look at those villi.  You
\rquote ll recognize the villi as the wavy projections that appear after the few sections of peristalsis action.
\par 
\par Absorbed nutrients are either used right away, stored for intermediate use, stored for long term use (as adipose tissue), or excreted by the body.  The body stores each of the macronutrients in different ways.
\par 
\par All macronutrients contain the three essential elements of life: hydrogen, carbon, and oxygen.
\par 
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Since water is a molecule made of hydrogen and water (H2O), it is sometimes said that all life is made of carbon and water.  What a remarkable miracle life is when you think most of our body is composed of }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid4420287 
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It is the way each molecule is constructed which determines whether the nutrient is a carbohydrate, fat, or protein.  We\rquote ll look first at the structure and digestion of carbohydrates.
\par 
\par Carbohydrates are composed of Carbon, Hydrogen, and Oxygen.  The basis is a 5 carbon ring containing one oxygen atom.  Simple sugars contain just one or two carbon rings chained together.  Complex ca
rbohydrates contain dozens, even hundreds of these carbon rings chained together.
\par 
\par Lipids, at least the non-steroidal lipids, are made of one glycerol molecule with one or more chains of fatty acids.  A fat with 3 chains of fatty acids is called a triglyce
ride.  It is the number of hydrogen atoms on each fatty acid that determines the fat saturation.  The more hydrogen atoms, the more saturated the fat.
\par 
\par Restructure the atoms, add a few nitotrogen atoms, and you have a protein molecule.
\par 
\par The body can rearrange the elements somewhat for long term storage of nutrients, but, by and large, a person needs to consume adequate amounts of carbohydrates, fats, and proteins in the diet to meet the energy and metabolic needs of cells and tissues.

\par 
\par The term for breaking down large (macro) molecules to smaller molecules is catabolism.  The term for joining solo molecules to a multimolecular structure is anabolism.  Metabolism includes processes of both catabolism and anabolism.
\par 
\par The }{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid12606894\charrsid12606894 easiest macronutrient to digest and the quickest to be absorbed is the carbohydrate}{\rtlch\fcs1 \af0 \ltrch\fcs0 \insrsid15609058 .
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